<p>The Pioneer Gothic Church is located in the village of Dwight, Illinois, United States. The building is a rare example of an extant wood framed Carpenter Gothic church in the state of Illinois. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pioneer Gothic Church was built by a Presbyterian congregation in the village of Dwight, Illinois, United States, in Livingston County, in 1857. In 1860, Prince Edward of Wales visited Dwight on a hunting expedition for wild birds and attended a church service at the Pioneer Gothic Church. Between 1869 and 1891 Dwight experienced four major fires, all of which the wooden church survived. The building served as a church and a township hall for Dwight Township, it is operated by the Dwight Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Pioneer Gothic Church is an example of wooden framed, Carpenter Gothic church building. It is an example of a rare type of building, as wood was scarce and fire frequent on the prairie that covered parts of early Illinois. Though Gothic Revival style is most often associated with masonry buildings and large cathedrals wooden buildings in the style reflect the skill of the builder. The Dwight Pioneer Gothic Church uses board and batten siding, more often affiliated with barns, that emphasizes the vertical nature of the building. The chamfered corners on the towers and the window pediments further reinforces this characteristic.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The American Institute of Architects celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2007, as part of the celebration the group selected "150 great places in Illinois." Among the selections was the Dwight Pioneer Gothic Church. Subsequently, in celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the Pioneer Gothic Church was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois). The church is one of "only a handful" of extant 19th century Carpenter Gothic churches in the state of Illinois. The Pioneer Gothic Church was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Wayside, also known as the Henry Demarest Lloyd House, is a historic house at 830 Sheridan Road in Winnetka, Illinois, United States. An extensively altered mid-19th century country inn, it was from 1880 until his death in 1903 the principal residence of Henry Demarest Lloyd . Lloyd was a leading "muckraking" journalist of the late 19th century, and a major editorial voice against corporate monopolies and for organized labor. His house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wayside is located on the west side of Sheridan Road, at its junction with Lloyd Place in central eastern Winnetka. It is located across the street from Lloyd Beach, a public park that was previously part of the Lloyd estate. Now set in a small lot, the Lloyd house is a -story brick building, with a dormered hip roof. A single-story porch extends across the front and wraps part way down both sides. At the center of the east-facing front facade, a porte-cochere shelters the main stairs accessing the porch. A wood-frame two-story addition extends to the rear of the house. The house interior is largely reflective of the turn of the 20th century, and includes the writing study of Henry Dumarest Lloyd on the third floor in largely unaltered condition.</p><br>
<p>Henry Demarest Lloyd was a native of New York City, and received a law degree from Columbia University. From an early date he was politically active, and became the editor of an anti-tariff advocacy group in the early 1870s. In 1872 he took a position at the Chicago Tribune, where he became a prominent writer critical of industrial and commercial business practices. He was an outspoken opponent of monopolies, and became an increasingly strident voice in support of organized labor.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1880s Lloyds health suffered a decline, and the family purchased The Wayside, then a derelict country inn, in 1878. After restoration and alterations, it became the familys principal home until Lloyd&#39;s death in 1903. The Lloyds hosted many prominent individuals of the time here, including Booker T. Washington, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Walter Crane.</p><br>
<p>Lyman Trumbull House is a house significant for its association with former USA Senator from Illinois Lyman Trumbull. The house is located in the historic Middletown neighborhood in Alton, Illinois. Senator Trumbull was best known for being a co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.</p><br>
<p>The house was built around 1849, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. Senator Trumbull lived in this house from 1849 to 1863, according to the documentation provided in the National Historic Landmark application.</p><br>
<p>The house is a -story red brick, gable-roofed residence with limestone foundation. It was originally rectangular-shaped, but late in the 19th century an addition was built on the rear of the house, transforming it into an L-shaped residence. There are three gabled dormers protruding from the front roof, one on the rear of the original house, and one on the northern elevation of the roof on the addition.</p><br>
<p>Adorning the front of the house is a centrally-located one-bay entrance porch supported by two fluted pilasters, all made of wood. Turned balusters flank the porch and the several wooden steps that lead to a brick walkway surrounding the dwelling. An entrance to the basement is located underneath the porch. The chief front entrance to the Trumbull House is a single door with side lights and semi-elliptical fanlight. On the south side of the house is a second basement entrance, and it is sheltered by a pedimented portico supported by two Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The Modoc Rock Shelter is a rock shelter or overhang located beneath the sandstone bluffs that form the eastern border of the Mississippi River floodplain at which Native American peoples lived for thousands of years. This site is significant for its archaeological evidence of thousands of years of human habitation during the Archaic period in the Eastern United States. It is located on the northeastern side of County Road 7  southeast of Prairie du Rocher in Randolph County, Illinois, United States. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site has over 28 feet of sediment that contains artifacts. Evidence from the site, including four separate periods of Archaic occupation and one of a later period, suggests that the cultures of the Eastern Woodlands may have been comparable in age to the big game hunting cultures of the Great Plains. Based on the analysis of artifacts, archaeologists discovered that 9,000 years ago this rock shelter was used as a short-term camp by small hunting groups; by 6,000 years ago this rock shelter was used for long-term based camps by several families which were involved in activities of everyday life; and, by around 4,000 years ago evidence found in the sediment layers suggests the site was again used by small hunting parties as a short-term camp. Their tools included concave projectile points, scrapers, choppers, hammer stones, and bone awls. Evidence has shown that during occupation, the inhabitants had a diet that consisted of deer, raccoon, opossum, birds, and fish.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological history</h2><br>
<p>The Modoc Rock Shelter site was discovered in 1951 by amateur archaeologist Irvin Peithmann, who is known for teaching himself about the customs of Native Americans by living among them. Peithmann had observed artifacts on the surface under or near the bluff at the Modoc site following road grading activities that resulted in the removal of sterile fill covering the buried prehistoric materials. He informed Dr. Melvin Fowler, then at the Illinois State Museum, about his discovery resulting in the ISM conducting major excavations at the site in the 1950s and 1980s. Modoc was the first site in Illinois and one of the first in eastern North America at which deeply stratified Archaic deposits had been discovered. If not for Peithmann observing artifacts at this location following the road grading, the location of this deeply stratified site would have remained unknown. Melvin Fowler believed, undoubtedly correctly, that numerous other buried bluff base Archaic sites similar to Modoc existed on the Mississippi River floodplain. Peithmann became bitter over the years regarding what he perceived as a lack of recognition by professional archaeologists over his discovery of the site, although Melvin Fowler clearly acknowledged Peithmann and credited him with the discovery of the site in his 1950s publication on Modoc Rock Shelter</p><br>
<p>The Charles Gates Dawes House is a historic house museum at 225 Greenwood Street in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1894, this Chateauesque lakefront mansion was from 1909 until his death the home of Charles Gates Dawes  and his family. Dawes earned the 1925 Nobel Peace Prize for his plan to alleviate the crushing burden of war reparations Germany was required to pay after World War I. Dawes served as USA Vice President under Calvin Coolidge, a general during World War I, and as United States Ambassador to Great Britain. Dawes was a descendant of William Dawes, who along with Paul Revere, rode to alarm the colonists that the British regulars were coming on the night before the Revolutionary War began. The house, a National Historic Landmark, is now owned by the Evanston History Center , which offers tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h2>Architect</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1894 for Robert Sheppard, treasurer and business manager of Northwestern University, and designed by H. Edwards Ficken (1844–1929) of New York.</p><br>
<p>Ficken was born in London and educated in Europe. He came to the United States in 1869 and began his career as an architectural renderer, and was the partner of Boston architect Charles D. Gambrill at the time of the latter&#39;s suicide in September 1880.</p><br>
<p>Gambrill had been a partner of Henry Hobson Richardson from 1867 to 1878.</p><br>
<p>Ficken&#39;s career included several distinguished commissions, including ones for the New York Athletic Club and Yale University and, for the last thirteen years of his life he was the supervising architect and engineer for Woodlawn Cemetery on Long Island. Ficken is perhaps best known, however, as the architect for Pepperidge Hall (1896), a 120-room house built for Christopher Roberts II on 1,000 acre of property that was adjacent to Idle Hour, the 60-room Tudor mansion of William K. Vanderbilt that was designed by Richard Morris Hunt and located on 862 acre in Oakdale, New York.</p><br>
<h2>The architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is considered to be an example of the Chateauesque style of architecture, but in many respects it is not typical.</p><br>
<p>The style was introduced to the United States in 1882 by Richard Morris Hunt, the first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, when he built a palace in the style at 660 Fifth Avenue in New York for Alva and William Kissam Vanderbilt (demolished, 1926). Architects of the time who attempted to create pure examples of the style emulated the features of the 16th Century chateaux of the Loire Valley in France, usually sheathing the buildings with limestone and decorating them with elaborate Renaissance carving. Perhaps the best example of this style remaining in Chicago is the house at 1801 S. Prairie Ave. (see picture) that was designed in 1890 by Solon Spencer Beman and built for the piano manufacturer William W. Kimball at a reputed cost of one million dollars. The house, which the noted author and essayist Thomas Schlereth from The University of Notre Dame called "a brilliant exercise in the chateau style", was designed using exterior features from the 16th Century remodeling of the Chateau de Josselin in Brittany. Certainly the best example ever built in the United States is the 225-room Biltmore House (1888–1895), the home of George Washington Vanderbilt II constructed in Asheville, NC, which was also designed by Hunt.</p><br>
<p>The detailing of the Dawes house represents more the flavor of rural French architecture, and in this respect has more in common with the rustic character of Grey Towers, the much larger home of Gifford Pinchot outside of Milford, Pennsylvania that was designed largely by Hunt in 1886, but in which Ficken had a hand in some of the details. Even a quick study of the Dawes house, Grey Towers, and the more formally detailed John A. McGill house (1892) in Chicago (see picture) will show how closely they are all related to each other and to their French antecedents, especially to the Château de Chambord at Chambord, Loir-et-Cher in France.</p><br>
<p>Richard Morris Hunt became the leading proponent of French-inspired architecture after his return to the United States from his studies in Europe in 1855. In 1873 he received both his first urban commission and his first commission in the city of Chicago when he built a house in the related Second Empire style for the iconic Chicago retailer Marshall Field at 1905 S. Prairie Ave that was considered to be the "first really artistic dwelling house" in Chicago, and although the country&#39;s enthusiasm for French-styled buildings that he was largely responsible for creating waned in the early years of the 20th century, interest in it remains with us to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status</h2><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Evanston History Center</h2><br>
<p>The Evanston History Center (EHC), formerly the Evanston Historical Society, maintains its headquarters at the Charles Gates Dawes House. The house is open to the public by docent-led tours, featuring a walk through the library, dining room, kitchen, and great hall which are decorated with period furnishings and artwork once belonging to the Dawes family. The EHC also runs public events, workshops, lectures, and a research room containing documents, books, photographs, maps and other historical archival material related to Evanston history.</p><br>
<p>The Frances Willard House is a historic house museum owned by the National WCTU and is a National Historic Landmark at 1730 Chicago Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. Built in 1865, it was the home of Frances Willard  and her family, and was the longtime headquarters of the Woman&#39;s Christian Temperance Union . Willard called the house Rest Cottage because it became a place for her to rest in between her tours and WCTU activities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frances Willard was born in 1839 in Churchville, New York. When she was two, her family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, a town recently founded by ministers who wanted to build a community with strong Christian morals. When she was 18, Willard moved with her family to Evanston, Illinois, to attend the Northwestern Female College. She spent the next sixteen years of her life as an educator at a variety of institutions across the county. In 1865, her father Josiah, who stayed in Evanston, built a house, which remains as the southern portion of the current structure. Frances Willard returned to Evanston and moved in with her father in 1871 when she accepted a position as Dean of the Women&#39;s College at Northwestern. Unhappy with the role of women at the university, and frequently at odds with University President Charles Henry Fowler, Willard resigned three years later.</p><br>
<p>Willards resignation prompted a change in her life. She resumed her position as a travelling educator, but began to focus on the study of temperance. In the summer of 1874, Willard travelled around the East Coast to meet with other temperance advocates. She also became a noted public speaker on the virtue. Returning to Evanston, she helped to found the Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and was elected its first corresponding secretary and first president of the Chicago chapter.</p><br>
<p>Her brother Oliver died in 1878, and Frances decided to expand her Evanston home that April to accommodate his widow and four children. The next year, she was elected President of the WCTU. After her brother&#39;s family moved to Germany, Willard began to rent out the northern section of her house to friends and fellow WCTU members. This section soon became used as an informal headquarters for the WCTU under Willard. Willard died in 1898 and left the entire house to the WCTU in her will. Two years later, the WCTU made the house in Evanston its national headquarters. In 1910, the organization built the Literature Building in the rear of the property.</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 1965, the house was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service. When the National Register of Historic Places was founded a year later, it was automatically listed. It was surveyed by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967. Museum tours are now offered to the public on the first and third Sundays of every month.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original 1865 house was probably based on a pattern book. It was an L-shaped building with vertical board and batten siding. The 1878 addition was consistent with the architectural form of the house but greatly expanded it. Proceeds from the sale of Willard&#39;s autobiography were used to add large bay windows on the main facade around 1890. Willard made another addition in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The two-story house is in the Carpenter Gothic style. It is painted pearl grey and has white trim. The front of the house has two columned porches. Three small porches lead to other entrances, and the second floor has a balcony on the rear. The three gables on the main facade have decorative trim and a turned finial in the center. There are seventeen rooms in the house, most with oak and walnut flooring.</p><br>
<p>Crow Island School in Winnetka, Illinois, is an elementary school operated by Winnetka Public Schools. It is significant for its progressive philosophy and its International Style architecture. The design of its building was a collaboration between the Chicago firm of Perkins, Wheeler and Will and Eliel and Eero Saarinen. It currently serves kindergarten through fourth grade students. The school was established in 1940-41. Sebastian Hinton&#39;s prototype "jungle gym" was located here, having been moved from Horace Mann School in 1940 and then relocated to the Winnetka Historical Society in 2010. The school was awarded the Twenty-five Year Award by the American Institute of Architects in 1971. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990. In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Crow Island School was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component .</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Progressive education flourished in the 1920s and continued to develop in the 1930s. However, because of economic hardship during the Great Depression, few new schools had been built to accommodate the movement. Carleton Washburne was a regional leader in progressive thought and, as superintendent of schools in Winnetka, Illinois, sought to establish a new school.</p><br>
<p>Larry Perkins, Philip Will, Jr., and Todd Wheeler had recently formed the architectural firm and this was one of their first commissions. Perkins was the son of Dwight H. Perkins, the former Chief Architect for the Chicago Board of Education; the elder Perkins designed two schools in Winnetka. The Perkins family had connections on the Winnetka School Board as well as superintendent Washburne. Although Washburne was interested in the firm&#39;s modern approach to architecture, he was concerned about their lack of experience. He changed his mind when Larry Perkins suggested a collaboration with Eliel and Eero Saarinen. The Saarinens, who were interested in an innovative educational project, agreed for the two firms to collaborate.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Perkins, Wheeler & Will was responsible for the bulk of the early design. They interviewed students and teachers about the project and sat in on classes. They had to design the building for the modest sum of $287,000 ($6,160,000 in 11-2022 dollars) in construction cost. A site for the school was selected on Crow Island, a high spot in the Skokie Marsh bordering the Crow Island Woods. The swamp was filled with landfill from two Works Progress Administration projects in the area: the Skokie Lagoons Project and a track depression for the Chicago and North Western Railway. John McFadzean and Robert Everly were consulted to design a park-like atmosphere for the school grounds.</p><br>
<p>The school has four wings emerging from a central building with common rooms. This design allows each classroom to have its own outdoor courtyard. Each wing also has its own playground, two of which feature experimental examples of a jungle gym. The Saarinens designed a hexagonal sandbox for the northwest wing. The main entrance is under a chimney overhang on the west, with an additional entrance for the kindergarten on the east. The one-story building is flat with the exception of a 50 ft chimney emerging from the north face, providing a "fifth wing" stretching vertically.</p><br>
<p>The school was one of the first to be designed in the international style of architecture in North America. Its aesthetics and form, although not its planning or educational model, soon became a template for mid-century and factory model schools.</p><br>
<p>Perkins, Wheeler & Will used the profits from the design to commission Hedrich Blessing Photographers to photograph the building. Perkins & Will would go on to design over five hundred schools.</p><br>
<p>First Presbyterian Church, known also as First United Presbyterian Church, is a church located at 602 Vermillion Street in downtown Hastings, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is significant for its Romanesque architecture. The building is characterized by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, large towers, and decorative arcading.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1855 by Reverend Charles LeDuc, the brother of William LeDuc. The congregation built a stone church at that time, then decided to build a new, larger church in 1875. It was designed by Charles N. Daniels. Because of financial difficulties, it took nearly seven years to finish the building, although it was complete enough to host its first services in 1881.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the tall steeple was struck by lightning, which started a fire that left the church gutted. Architect Harry Wild Jones from Minneapolis was hired to design the restoration. He was asked to make the new church resemble the original as much as possible, so both the interior and the exterior are his work.</p><br>
<p>Hastings Methodist Episcopal Church is a church building located at 719 Vermillion Street in downtown Hastings, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is significant for its Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, and Italianate architecture. The building exterior is clapboard with a characteristic tower including abat-sons and emphatic eaves supported by corbels. It is the oldest church building in Hastings, originally built in 1862 on 5th Street, it was moved to its present location in 1871; at that time the tower was added. The building is currently used by the Life Tabernacle Pentecostal Church.</p><br>
<p>The Thompson–Fasbender House, located at 649 West 4th Street in Hastings, Minnesota is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1880 by William Thompson who came to Minnesota in 1857 from Maine. He was a banker, wheat-buyer, and land-owner who also was part-owner of a saw mill and door and sash factory. His access to woodworkers is reflected in the home&#39;s finishing. Its Second Empire architecture is reflected in its mansard roof featuring scalloped wooden shingles and bracketed cornices.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Dr. Herman Fasbender, Sr. purchased the home and transformed it into Saint Raphael Hospital, which had been housed in the VanDyke-Libby House. When the Regina Memorial Hospital opened in 1953, Saint Raphael closed and the house was converted into a tenement building; Fasbender then moved his practice to the Fasbender Clinic building. Today the home is a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>The VanDyke–Libby House, located at 612 Vermillion Street in Hastings, Minnesota is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1868 by William J. Van Dyke, a banker and merchant. In 1880 the home was bought by Rowland C. Libby who was part-owner of a saw mill and door and sash factory. He lived there until 1911; in 1914 the building was converted to a sanitarium. Originally known as Hope Sanitarium, its name was later changed to St. Raphael&#39;s Hospital, which in 1929 moved to the Thompson-Fasbender House.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s Second Empire architecture is reflected in its mansard roof and imposing size. The original cost to build the house was an exorbitant $25,000.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Pacific Railway Depot in Little Falls, Minnesota, United States, is a depot designed by notable architect Cass Gilbert in 1899. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Gilbert was a prominent architect in Minnesota, having designed the Minnesota State Capitol and other buildings. The Little Falls depot was one of Cass Gilberts last works before he moved east to New York City. In 1899, the Northern Pacific Railway hired Gilbert to design a depot at a cost not exceeding $7,000. The depot, built of sandstone, wood, and brick, mixed the Shingle Style and American Craftsman style of architecture. The steeply pitched roof was originally covered with cedar shingles. The depot was in use until 1979, when a fire broke out and damaged the roof and the ladies waiting room. A local community group acquired the building and renovated the building. It now houses the Little Falls Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>The William G. LeDuc House, also known as the LeDuc Historic Estate, located at 1629 Vermillion Street in Hastings, Minnesota, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built over several years, and completed in 1865, by William Gates LeDuc who came to Minnesota in 1850 from Ohio. He was an attorney who represented a party to a suit involving Vermillion Falls, 1,500 ft southeast of the homesite. As payment for his services, Le Duc received the land where he built his house. LeDuc was a Civil War veteran and USA Commissioner of Agriculture under President Hayes .</p><br>
<p>The estate is an unusually complete example of the Carpenter Gothic style of Andrew Jackson Downing, a pioneer in American landscape architecture. William, and his wife Mary, used Downing&#39;s book, Cottage Residences, as inspiration for their home (Downing himself had died in 1852). The home was the first property to be acquired by the Minnesota Historical Society in the late 1950s but sat empty until 2005, when it was acquired by the City of Hastings. The Dakota County Historical Society partnered with the city to provide programing and interpretative services. $1.2 million was raised to restore the home and grounds to their former glory.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the LeDuc house began in 1862 and was completed in 1866. Following LeDuc&#39;s service as Quartermaster in the Civil War, the family moved into the unfinished home in August, 1865. In March, 1865 he had been brevetted a brigadier general for "efficiency, intelligence and zeal in the discharge of his duties".</p><br>
<p>William G. LeDuc came to St. Paul, Minnesota Territory in 1850 from Ohio to open a book store and law office. In 1854 he purchased a quarter share in the town of Hastings from Alexander Faribault. In 1856, he and his wife Mary Bronson LeDuc, with their two daughters moved downriver to Hastings, where they had also acquired two wheat farms and 160 acres with a small grist mill on the falls of the Vermillion River. It was on this property that William and Mary decided to build their dream home.</p><br>
<p>They chose a Gothic Revival home featured in a later edition of Andrew Jackson Downing&#39;s Cottage Residences. Downing was a landscape architect and author, whose reputation as a horticulturist was widespread. He inspired Americans to surround their homes with the beauty of nature and encouraged the use of good design even in planning farmsteads. William and Mary chose three Downing designs for their rural home site; their residence, Carriage Barn and Ice House. The estate is an unusually complete example of the Gothic Revival style of Andrew Jackson Downing.</p><br>
<p>Carroll Simmons, a friend of the LeDuc grandchildren, purchased the home in 1940 for his antique business. In 1958 he donated the home and outbuildings with 4 acres of land to the Minnesota Historical Society, with the agreement that he would continue using it for his antique business until he retired, which wasn&#39;t until 1986. Between 1986 and 2003 the future of the property was uncertain. Although it was the first property acquired by MHS, they had opened other house museums by the time they took possession. Needed repairs were done on the house and carriage barn, but the property stood empty.</p><br>
<p>Citizen groups actively sought out ways to fulfill Carroll Simmons&#39; vision of having the LeDuc house open to the public. In 2002 the Minnesota Legislature apportioned 1.2 million dollars in bonding funds for MHS to preserve the house and bring it up to current building codes. Agreements were executed between the Minnesota Historical Society, the City of Hastings and the Dakota Country Historical Society, which resulted in city ownership and DCHS management of the site.</p><br>
<p>The site opened for tours on May 22, 2005. June 24, 2005, the Society deaccessioned the LeDuc House to the City of Hastings. As part of the agreement, the Society transferred $604,000 of net assets provided by Carroll Simmons for endowment, repairs and maintenance of the LeDuc House.</p><br>
<p>The John Johnson House  is a National Historic Landmark in the Germantown section of Philadelphia, significant for its role in the antislavery movement and the Underground Railroad. It is located at 6306 Germantown Avenue and is a contributing property of the Colonial Germantown Historic District, which is also a National Historic Landmark. It is operated today as a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Philadelphia, especially its Germantown section, was a center of the 19th-century American movement to abolish slavery, and the Johnson House was one of the key sites of that movement. Between 1770 and 1908, the house was the residence of five generations of the Johnson family.</p><br>
<p>The second and third generations were active in the Underground Railroad during the 1850s. Jennett Rowland Johnson, her children Rowland, Israel, Ellwood, Sarah, and Elizabeth Johnson, and their spouses were members of abolitionist groups such as the American Anti-Slavery Society and the Germantown Freedman&#39;s Aid Association. Through their associations with these groups, the brothers and sisters became involved in the Underground Railroad and used their home, along with the nearby homes of relatives, to harbor fugitive slaves on their journeys to freedom. The Johnson House is a representative station on the Underground Railroad, and the Johnsons were among the leading abolitionists of their generation.</p><br>
<p>The house, then one of the largest in Germantown (then a suburb of Philadelphia), was built between 1765 and 1768 by Jacob Norr for Dirck Jansen, who owned the ground on which nearby Upsala was built. Jansen had it built for his son John Johnson, Sr. During the 1777 Battle of Germantown, fighting occurred nearby and the house still bears marks of musket balls and cannonballs.</p><br>
<p>The Big Hidatsa site, occupied between ca. 1740 and 1850, is an earthlodge located in the 1,758 acre Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North Dakota, United States. This National Historic Site was established in 1974 “to focus on the cultures and lifestyles of the Plains Indians”.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Big Hidatsa site is located near the junction of the Knife and Missouri Rivers close to Stanton, North Dakota. This location was a stop on the expedition of Lewis and Clark. Big Hidatsa was the largest village of the three on the site, with about 120 round earthlodges. Fort Mandan was built about 2 miles away from Big Hidatsa by the Lewis and Clark expedition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Big Hidatsa site and its neighbors are the villages at which Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery were assisted by Sacagawea during their expedition. When the explorers arrived in winter 1804, between 4,000 and 5,000 Hidatsa and Mandan lived in this area, and there were more than 200 lodges. Each of these earthlodges could hold 20 to 30 people.</p><br>
<p>After Fort Mandan was erected by the Discovery Corps, trading was conducted between the men of the expedition and people of Big Hidatsa. In fact, some artifacts from the inhabitants of the nearby site and its neighbors were sent to President Thomas Jefferson. Communications with the Hidatsa and Mandan people here provided invaluable information about the culture and history of the people in the west.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Depressions in the ground can be seen where the lodges once stood because the dirt surrounding the structures collapsed after it was abandoned. Several invasive species, harmful tree fungus, and the erosion of the riverbank threaten the site. The park has a rich collection of artifacts from the people who lived at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site is also a destination for canoeing and hiking. Canoeists who frequent the Knife or Missouri rivers can pass through the park.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas County Courthouse is located at 1701 Farnam Street in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1912, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Notable events at the courthouse include two lynchings and the city&#39;s first sit-in during the Civil Rights Movement. Five years after it was opened, the building was almost destroyed by mob violence in the Omaha Race Riot of 1919.</p><br>
<p>The 1912 building was designed in the French Renaissance Revival style by local architect John Latenser, Sr. Decorative stonework covers the structure&#39;s exterior, and the building serves as a prominent landmark in Downtown Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First courthouse</h3><br>
<p>Three years after the city was founded in 1854, on March 18, 1857 the City of Omaha built a jail and courthouse in an area known as Washington Square. It bounded by 15th, 16th, Douglas and Farnam streets. The original courthouse in Douglas County, with a council room and mayor&#39;s court room, several offices and jail cells, was opened January 4, 1858.</p><br>
<h3>Second courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The original building was found to be too small as early as 1869. The current site, a block between 17th, 18th, Farnam and Harney Streets, became available in 1878, and in 1879, a jail was built on the southwest corner of this lot. A completely new courthouse was opened on May 28, 1885.</p><br>
<p>A 112 x 130 ft-wide building, outer walls were covered with sandstone and the inner walls were brick. The dome was iron and sheet metal that was sanded and painted to resemble stone, and was crowned by a 10 ft statue of Justice. Yule Marble tiled hallways and elaborate wrought iron staircases went throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>The lynching of Joe Coe occurred outside the Courthouse in 1891. Angered because of believing that a young girl had died after being attacked by him (the girl had not died, and the allegation was never proven), hundreds of men had overwhelmed the small police force. They dragged Coe from his cell and hanged him from streetcar cables at the corner of 17th and Harney.</p><br>
<p>When the new courthouse was built, the old building was torn down and recycled. Materials from the old courthouse building were used in the construction of the Lancaster Apartments at 25th Avenue and Marcy Street. The dark stone on the lower two stories and the white pillars at each of the main entrances were from the courthouse, as well as possibly some of the stones in the courtyard wall along the alley.</p><br>
<h3>Present courthouse</h3><br>
<p>John Latenser, a locally important architect, was hired to design a replacement building in 1908. It opened October 1, 1912. Built south of the old courthouse, the new building is six stories tall along Harney Street and five stories along Farnam. While the exterior walls are covered with unembellished Bedford stone, the interior halls have mosaic floors and marble wainscotings. Hardwood covers the interior of most offices, and vaults preserve county records.</p><br>
<p>There were county offices on the main floor, second and third floors, and courtrooms on the fourth floor. The Douglas County Jail was on the fifth floor.</p><br>
<h4>1919 Riots</h4><br>
<p>In September 1919, following Red Summer and race riots in numerous industrial cities, a mob of thousands of white men from South Omaha surrounded and attacked the Courthouse seeking to lynch an African-American worker named Willy Brown (accused of assaulting a white woman). Young white men broke windows and climbed the outside of the building. After a few hours, thousands more gathered and they set the courthouse on fire to force the police to hand over the suspect.</p><br>
<p>After lynching Brown and the citys mayor, Edward Parsons Smith—who was rescued at the last minute—the mob swarmed toward the citys black quarter. They were stopped by federal troops from Fort Omaha, who had been called in to restore order in the city. The military commander posted troops in South Omaha to prevent other mobs from forming.</p><br>
<h4>Sit-ins</h4><br>
<p>In 1948, Rev. John P. Markoe, S.J., led an early civil rights effort with an interracial group of about 30 people from Creighton University to hold the citys first sit-in at old Dixons Cafe next to the courthouse. When the group arrived, the owner told them that white customers would stop coming into the restaurant if blacks were served. In response, the members stayed until the owner agreed to allow African-American patrons.</p><br>
<p>The Pierre Menard House, located in Ellis Grove, Illinois, United States, was the home of Pierre Menard, a trader who became the first lieutenant governor of Illinois from 1818 to 1822.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pierre Menard was born near Montreal, Quebec on October 7, 1766. The third of ten children, Menard sought to make his fortune by trading furs in what was then "Illinois Country". Leaving his home in Canada with two of his brothers at approximately the age of 15, he worked for Francois Vigo of Vincennes, IN as a clerk moving to Kaskaskia in March 1790. Having become a successful businessman by the age of thirty, Menard went on to become a successful USA political figure, eventually becoming the first lieutenant governor of Illinois, after having served as the presiding officer of the Illinois Territorial Legislature. Despite his various political accolades, including delegate to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, regimental Major, and being one of the select few chosen to help draft Illinois&#39; first constitution, Pierre Menard is still remembered to this day for his good-natured will and for his generosity towards the poor.</p><br>
<p>The land was purchased sometime in 1802 according to records and family and the house itself construction began sometime later that year. It is an illustration of the Southern French Colonial (sometimes referred to as "Creole") and has various features which highlight this, including its beautiful Gallery (porch). The house is located within only a few hundred yards of the Mississippi River which during Pierres time would have been the Kaskaskia River. Due to the annual flooding and erosion, the rest of the original town of Kaskaskia, Illinois first capital, has been washed away. The Pierre Menard House now stands as the only testament to where the first state capital once stood in its original place. Preserved by the state as the Pierre Menard Home State Historic Site, it contains a museum which includes audio-visual program. The museum is devoted to the Menard family, as well as local history, and is governed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970, and it was named one of the contributing properties to the new French Colonial Historic District in 1974, along with other area French-influenced sites such as Fort de Chartres, the Creole House, the Kolmer Site (a former Indian village), and the site of Fort Kaskaskia.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The two-story home features early 19th-century period furnishings. The rooms on the main floor include the entry hall, parlor, master bedroom, dining room, two additional bedrooms, maid&#39;s room and a nursery. Behind the home is a period stone kitchen. The grounds include a privy, a reconstructed smokehouse and springhouse, and a historic herb and vegetable garden.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds and History of slaves</h2><br>
<p>The house and museum doesn&#39;t describe or mention the history of slaves on this plantation. In 1999, Christopher Stratton and William Flesher conducted an archaeological investigation to recreate where the slave quarters existed. The total number of slaves swelled from 7 in 1810 to 22 in 1830. They remained slaves on the property until Illinois abolished slavery in 1848.</p><br>
<p>Pierre Menard was one of only three people with a statue on the grounds of the Illinois state capitol in Springfield. August 19, 2020, the Speaker of the House and office of architecture removed this Menard&#39;s statue from the grounds because it led to "Memorializing people and a time that allowed slavery and fostered bigotry and oppression has no place in the Illinois House, where the work of all Illinoisans is conducted," according to Speaker Michael Madigan.</p><br>
<p>Pierre Menard House, Garden.JPGGarden</p><br>
<p>Pierre Menard House, front.JPGFront</p><br>
<p>Pierre Menard House, sitting room.JPGSitting Room</p><br>
<p>Nauvoo Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District containing the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. The historic district is nearly coterminous with the City of Nauvoo as it was incorporated in 1840, but it also includes the Pioneer Saints Cemetery , the oldest Mormon cemetery in the area, which is outside the town boundary.</p><br>
<p>Contributing structures include:</p><br>
<p>* Brigham Young Home</p><br>
<p>* Calvin Pendleton Home and School</p><br>
<p>* Concert Hall (no longer in existence)</p><br>
<p>* Cultural Hall (Masonic Lodge)</p><br>
<p>* David Sessions Home</p><br>
<p>* Edward Hunter Home</p><br>
<p>* Heber C. Kimball House</p><br>
<p>* John Taylor Home, Printshop, and Post Office (Times and Seasons Building)</p><br>
<p>* Jonathan Browning Houses and Workshops</p><br>
<p>* Joseph Smith Homestead</p><br>
<p>* Joseph Smith Mansion House</p><br>
<p>* Lucy Mack Smith Home</p><br>
<p>* Lyon Drug Store</p><br>
<p>* Nauvoo House</p><br>
<p>* Nauvoo Illinois Temple</p><br>
<p>* Nauvoo Visitors Center</p><br>
<p>* Newel K. Whitney Home (Private residence)</p><br>
<p>* Orson Hyde Home</p><br>
<p>* Red Brick Store</p><br>
<p>* Riser Boot and Shoe Shop</p><br>
<p>* Sarah Granger Kimball Home</p><br>
<p>* Scovil Bakery</p><br>
<p>* Seventies Hall</p><br>
<p>* Smith Family Cemetery</p><br>
<p>* Stoddard Tin Shop</p><br>
<p>* Webb Blacksmith Shop</p><br>
<p>* West Grove</p><br>
<p>* Wilford Woodruff House</p><br>
<p>* Willard Richards Home (Private residence)</p><br>
<p>* William Gheen Home</p><br>
<p>* William Weeks Home</p><br>
<p>* Yearsley House (Missionary house)</p><br>
<p>There are many non-contributing, modern structures in the district.</p><br>
<p>The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo in 1848 though some, such as Emma Hale Smith along with her children and Lucy Mack Smith continued to live in Nauvoo. After assuming the leadership of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Community of Christ) in 1860 Joseph Smith III living in the Smith Family Homestead, would lead that portion of the Latter Day Saint Movement from Nauvoo until he relocated to Plano, Illinois in 1866. In the mid-1950s members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began to purchase and restore various properties and share a faith based history of the 1840s time period history of Mormonism. In 2024, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased the Joseph Smith Historic Site from Community of Christ. Community of Christ continues to own the Smith Family Cemetery, whose maintenance is funded by the Smith Family Foundation, and Community of Christ is exploring the possibility of gifting the cemetery to the Smith Family Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Principia College Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the central portion of the campus of Principia College in Elsah, Illinois. The campus master plan, as well as eleven of its buildings, are important late designs of architect Bernard Maybeck, best known for his influential architecture in the American West. The Principia was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993, and was also placed on the National Register of Historic Places that same year.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Principia was founded by Mary Kimball Morgan in 1898 as an educational institution primarily serving the needs of Christian Scientists. Beginning with primary and secondary schools, the organization (unaffiliated with the Church of Christ, Scientist but operating with its approval) established Principia College in the early 20th century. Initially based in St. Louis, Missouri, the organization in the 1910s began to search for a suitable campus location for the college. A former country estate overlooking the Mississippi River just south of Elsah was purchased, and college president Frederic E. Morgan hired West Coast architect Bernard Maybeck to develop the campus master plan and buildings. Maybeck used the existing roads on the estate as a foundation, and laid out what resembles an English country village.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece and first permanent building of the campus is the chapel. It was built in 1931–34 in Maybeck&#39;s conception of an American Colonial Revival structure, with a limestone exterior. Most of the other buildings Maybeck designed have steel frames and use concrete extensively inside, but have exteriors of stone, brick, and timbering. In the later phases of the campus construction, the onsite work was supervised by Henry Gutterson, who also contributed designs for several of the buildings. One architectural oddity on the campus is what is called the "Mistake House", which was used as a design and materials test vehicle by Maybeck.</p><br>
<p>The Eagles Auditorium Building is a seven-story historic theatre and apartment building in Seattle, Washington. Located at 1416 Seventh Avenue, at the corner of Seventh and Union Street, the Eagles Auditorium building has been the home to ACT Theatre since 1996. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on July 14, 1983. has two stages, a cabaret, and 44 residential apartments. From the outset, the building was also in part an apartment building, originally under the name Senator Apartments: the four-story grand ballroom was surrounded on three sides by apartments. with many of the apartment buildings located near streetcar lines. The current configuration of the building, under the official name Kreielsheimer Place, has two stages, a cabaret, and 44 residential apartments.</p><br>
<p>The elaborately terracotta-covered building (designed by the Henry Bittman firm) has been known at times in the past as the Eagles Temple and as the Senator Hotel. The building was Aerie No. 1 of the Fraternal Order of Eagles (which was founded in Seattle). It was one of several places where Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke November 10, 1961, on his only visit to Seattle. The building also served as the home of the Unity Church of Truth from the mid-1950s until 1960, and was a major rock concert venue from the mid-1960s until 1970. Among other groups, such as Jethro Tull and The Doors, the Grateful Dead performed here eight times in 1967 and 1968.</p><br>
<p>Besides its NRHP listing, the building is also an officially designated city landmark, ID #112272.</p><br>
<p>The Eggerss–O&#39;Flyng Building is located at 801 South 15th Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and named an Omaha Landmark on March 17, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in four stages starting in 1902 and finished in 1928. For fifty years it was the headquarters for the Eggerss–OFlyng Company, which manufactured cardboard boxes. The building was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by John Latenser, Sr. When the building was built it was common for business in Omaha to build warehouses near the railroad on the east and south side of town the Douglas Eggerss–OFlyng building being one of these.</p><br>
<p>The Eggerrs–OFlyng Company was founded by August J. Eggerss, a German immigrant, in 1881. After constructing the building, Eggerss merged with Ivyl OFlyng in 1903, who became the companys treasurer. William Dennis Lane, who started with the company in 1900 at age 15 as a factory helper, became president in 1932 and remained president until the company was sold sometime after 1950. At its largest, the Eggerrs–OFlyng Company&#39;s payroll was 225 employees. During World War II, the company manufactured cardboard boxes for 20 millimeter shells, 90 millimeter shells, bomb fuses and other items going overseas to the armed forces. For many years, it manufactured cigar boxes, and In its later years, boxes for foodstuffs.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the building was renovated at a cost of $3.3 million and turned into loft style apartments. It now houses 48 units. In addition to being listed independently on the National Register of Historic Places individually, the building is listed as a contributing property to the Warehouses in Omaha Multiple Properties Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Terwilliger House is a historic home located on Myers Road in the Town of Shawangunk, Ulster County, New York, United States. It was built between about 1766 and 1800, and is a two-story, five-bay, Federal frame dwelling on a stone foundation. It has a one-story kitchen addition.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Andries DuBois House is located on Wallkill Avenue in the hamlet of Wallkill, New York, USA. It is one of the oldest houses in the hamlet, reflecting several different eras of architecture and regional history, and has been a Registered Historic Place since 1998.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Andries DuBois, a descendant of the original family of Huguenot settlers of nearby New Paltz, who built the house and farmed the land near the Wallkill River around the present-day hamlet. It was believed for a long time that the original construction took place around the middle of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>But several features — the gambrel roof, eyebrow windows, classically styled windows, full porch and alternation of brick and wood walls — suggested a different period of origin, or at least substantial subsequent alterations. After the Historical Society of Shawangunk and Gardiner acquired the house in 1998, it applied for and received a $7,500 grant from the Preservation League of New York State in 2003 for a historic structure report.</p><br>
<p>An examination of the structural lumber dated it, and at first the house&#39;s original construction, to 1769. However, that lumber, and an archeological examination of the surrounding soil, showed charcoal layers, evidence of a serious fire at the site. Further investigation showed that the fire destroyed most of the original house, but enough of the framing timbers remained in condition good enough to be reused for the beginning of the current building in 1814. The entrance, windows, porch and interior molding were added in 1845, all reflecting the influence of the then-popular Greek Revival style. Finally, in 1981 the current porch was rebuilt using earlier materials.</p><br>
<p>The dig also found a variety of artifacts, including early 19th-century American coinage, a comb and a child&#39;s doll. Lithics included debitage and a quartz scraper, suggesting a Native American presence at the site prior to the construction of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society is currently renovating the house, which had come to some disrepair, It will be used as a local history museum.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun Colored School , was a private boarding and day school for Black students in Calhoun, Lowndes County, Alabama, about 28 mi southwest of the capital of Montgomery. It was founded in 1892 by Charlotte Thorn and Mabel Dillingham, from New England, in partnership with Booker T. Washington of Tuskegee Institute, to provide education to rural black students. African Americans comprised the majority in this area, and the state had segregated facilities. Calhoun Colored School was first designed to educate rural black students according to the industrial school model common at the time.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the school sponsored a land bank that helped 85 families buy land. It created a joint venture with the county to improve a local road so farmers could get their products to market. As the school developed, it raised its standards, created a large library, and offered more of an academic curriculum.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>The principals house, the only surviving original building, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the schools importance in the history of education of African Americans.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>In 1943, the state of Alabama acquired the Calhoun Colored School. A new facility was built on the grounds that serves as the public high school run by the Lowndes County Board of Education. The county is majority-African American in ethnicity.</p><br>
<p>The principal&#39;s house on County Route 53 is the last remaining structure from the original school. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the important achievements of the school and the role it played in African-American education in Lowndes County.</p><br>
<h2>School history</h2><br>
<p>In 1891, the United States was still adjusting to the aftermath of the American Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Financial Panic of 1873. Many African Americans living in the rural South worked under the sharecropping system. The dependence of southern agriculture on cotton as a commodity crop, whose price continued to drop, contributed to difficulties in the South making economic progress. African Americans, then called "colored" or "negro", living in Calhoun (Lowndes County), Alabama were subject to white political and social domination although they comprised the majority of the county&#39;s population.</p><br>
<p>Conservative white Democrats had regained power in the state legislature and begun to pass statutes that stripped African Americans from voter rolls or made elections so complicated they were effectively disenfranchised. In 1901 the state passed a new constitution with provisions that created barriers to voter registration. These suppressed voting by most blacks, as well as tens of thousands of poor whites.</p><br>
<p>Lowndes County, in the Black Belt, had been an area of large cotton plantations before the Civil War. Devoted to agriculture, in 1890 the county had the highest proportion of Negroes to whites of any in Alabama. Most blacks worked as sharecroppers cultivating cotton.</p><br>
<p>Booker T. Washington, then president of Tuskegee Institute, spoke at Hampton Institute (his alma mater) to recruit teachers to help with education of blacks in Alabama. He told of the people of Calhoun and their great desire to educate their children. Two Hampton teachers, Charlotte Thorn and Mabel Dillingham, white women from New England, responded to his plea for help. They traveled with Washington to Calhoun to find a site and get a school built and operating.</p><br>
<p>Thorn and Dillingham used their extensive networks among families and friends to raise funds and receive donations of all kinds. They also used the Hampton Institute publication, The Southern Workman, to publicize frequent articles about the school and aid fundraising. Thorn&#39;s nephew, Sidney Dickinson, spent time with his parents during his youth assisting at the school.</p><br>
<h3>Hampton-Tuskegee model</h3><br>
<p>Washington, Thorn and Dillingham developed the Calhoun Colored School according to the Hampton-Tuskegee model. First, students would receive a basic elementary education and then an industrial education at the high school level. This model envisioned preparing students for the work available in the rural areas in which most of them lived. Boys would become farmers and perhaps skilled tradesmen, and girls would become wives and homemakers, as well as laundresses, dressmakers, or domestic workers. The best students were encouraged to become teachers and work in the community or outlying areas to promote further education along the Hampton-Tuskegee model. There was a great push to continue to improve literacy among both children and adults, and teaching was a high calling.</p><br>
<p>Second, the school was to be apolitical. The education was not designed to encourage African Americans to challenge the status quo. African Americans were offered a basic education that enabled them to return to their communities and support themselves within the system. Washington feared that if a colored school challenged the politics of the day, white citizens might refuse to allow it to open or would later shut it down. This was not the classical type of education offered to many white students in the north, but rural white students did not have access to such education either.</p><br>
<p>Highly educated African Americans such as W. E. B. Du Bois thought the Tuskegee model was too limited and did not support it. Born in Massachusetts and educated in the North, including a doctorate at Harvard University, he argued for ensuring that the most talented students could get a full academic education, to advance the race.</p><br>
<p>In October 1892 the co-principals Thorn and Dillingham met with 300 blacks from the area who wanted to learn more about their plans to start a school. Many of the adults who came to the first meeting would work to build the teachers&#39; cottages, schoolhouses, barn, shop and dormitories that by 1896 comprised the full campus. N.J. Bell of Montgomery donated the initial 10 acre of land for the site of the school. By 1896 the school had a working farm of 100 acre; 300 pupils, of whom 40 were boarders; and 13 teachers.</p><br>
<p>The Hampton-Tuskegee model was based on educating African Americans to build their lives from basic skills. Critics thought that it conformed to white expectations of low aspirations for blacks in the South during this period. But it also related to the needs of the chiefly rural economy of Alabama. It did not emphasize human agency or empowerment for change, and most white citizens and some blacks would not have supported such an idea then.</p><br>
<h3>Fundraising, land bank, and road building</h3><br>
<p>Mabel Dillingham died of yellow fever in 1895. Her brother Pitt Dillingham, a minister, worked with Charlotte Thorn as co-principal for several years after Mabel&#39;s death. He also helped by public speaking and giving lectures in the North to support fundraising.</p><br>
<p>The founders, their community, and board had two major ideas that went beyond the Hampton-Tuskegee model. Knowing that land ownership was as or more critical than education to enable blacks to be self-supporting, in 1894 the school organized a land company. With a land bank containing more than 4,000 acre, they sold land in 40- to 60 acre tracts, with financing arranged by Northern friends of the school. In the first 13 years, the school issued 92 deeds for land to 85 people. The new landowners could build real houses on their land. Their three- to eight-room houses were each better than the sharecroppers&#39; cabins which they had occupied before.</p><br>
<p>Although Calhoun was near a railway, freight charges were too high for small farmers. Calhoun had been isolated by poor dirt roads that turned to slick clay in rain. The school tried to get the roads improved to enable farmers to get their goods to market. It took nearly 40 years, but Thorn Dickinson, Miss Thorn&#39;s nephew, was able to arrange a joint venture with the county. Using skills earned at Williams College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Dickinson laid out the road, the school students graded it, and the county surfaced with gravel what became Lowndes County Route 33.</p><br>
<h3>Literacy program</h3><br>
<p>Initially the school&#39;s literacy program included oral reading, elocution, rote memory, literature appreciation, and home, school, and community connections. Additionally, outside materials were brought in to appeal to student interests, extensive discussions about words were held, poems were memorized, students were given help with articulation and expression, and students were taught to write their thoughts and spell correctly. "Connecting school and home" and the emphasis on composition were in addition to the Hampton-Tuskegee model.</p><br>
<p>Later the literacy program included night classes for adults. These non-graded classes were part of the Hampton-Tuskegee model. The missionary committee led community outreach. Students and teachers went into the homes of freedmen to teach them to read and write, skills they eagerly worked for. Outreach included mothers’ meetings, Sunday afternoon church services, and holiday community celebrations on campus.</p><br>
<p>Donations of money and books, mostly by Northern supporters, created the library at the school. While the co-principals officially adhered closely to the two-pronged Hampton-Tuskegee model, their literacy practice revealed a much richer model of teaching.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun Colored School (CCS) began as a strict follower of the Hampton-Tuskegee model, but the school eventually developed a classical education. This emphasized thinking and problem solving. It included a multifaceted literacy program. When CCS hired college-trained Academic Department heads, they began to use teaching methods and materials that followed national trends. As new teachers from outside CCS came to dominate the teaching force, they created a literacy program that resembled those at some of the better northern schools.</p><br>
<p>Despite good teaching methods, solid curriculum and quality materials, the students of CCS did not make the desired progress in literacy. While these students were living in poverty, they were interested in education and had family support. The social attitudes of that era may have limited the thinking of the faculty and staff. "…it hindered their ability to envision African Americans as users of literacy; that is, while minimal access to literacy was made available, opportunities to use literacy in meaningful ways were delimited."</p><br>
<h3>Academic department heads</h3><br>
<p>From 1892–1945 there were six different Academic Department heads. Each brought improvements to the curriculum of the school. The first was Susan Showers (1896), who initiated literacy societies for students, home visits by teachers, single grade assignments for teachers, community socials, holiday celebrations, and evening religious services. (Partnering with the community was not part of the Hampton-Tuskegee model).</p><br>
<p>Clara Hart (1898) succeeded Susan Showers. She began the first free kindergarten at CCS, put reading instruction in every grade level, ensured the use of good literature for all the children, and furthered composition work.</p><br>
<p>Mabel Edna Brown (1907) was the first African American to work as Academic Department head. Her focus was to offer a more classical education, which was a major departure from the Hampton-Tuskegee model. She declared, "In all grades we are trying to raise the standards of thinking, accuracy, quickness, articulation, and correct expression." She doubled the time devoted to literacy instruction in the primary grades through the sixth grade, to comprise one-half of the school day. By 1909, the kindergarten was using games to teach reading, writing and math. The school also began to solicit donations of books written by African Americans for the school library.</p><br>
<p>Jessie Guernsey, who earned both a bachelors and a masters degree from New York City&#39;s Columbia Teachers College, came to Calhoun in 1912 to begin her tenure as Academic Department head. Under her leadership, high-interest grade-level books were used to teach reading. She also increased weekly recitations, and reinstated using creative writing to teach spelling and grammar. She continued literary societies, debates, musical training and social gatherings. The elementary grades began using state-adopted textbooks, while the secondary grades used more literature, newspapers and magazines. The school added another year of study, to include grade ten. The growth in curriculum and community outreach strained financial resources. At the same time the county-run elementary schools for African American children were becoming more and more popular. Many of the CCS graduates had become teachers in the county school system.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s Edward Allen became the first man to be Academic Department head at CCS. He shifted the curriculum focus from teaching the basics of reading to teaching higher-order thinking skills. This was a major departure from the Hampton-Tuskegee model. During Allen&#39;s tenure, he greatly expanded the library, both in number and types of books.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s R. Luella Jones came to CCS. She emphasized making the curriculum more rigorous, both to earn accreditation and to ensure placement of graduates in institutions of higher learning. She added college preparatory classes such as Latin, additional science and math classes, and made industrial arts an elective option. She also added grades eleven and twelve so that students could graduate from CCS. The library&#39;s collection expanded to over 6,000 volumes.</p><br>
<h3>Closing years</h3><br>
<p>Charlotte Thorn died on August 29, 1932. She had led the school for more than thirty years following Mabel Dillingham&#39;s death in 1895. Although Calhoun continued as a private school for several more years, the Great Depression reduced sources of support. In addition, increasing mechanization in agriculture decreased the need for rural labor. With the Great Migration of blacks from the area to northern and midwestern industrial cities for jobs, the area population was reduced to the point that the school could not survive financially.</p><br>
<h2>Documentary on the Calhoun Colored School</h2><br>
<p>In 1940, the Harmon Foundation produced a documentary titled "Calhoun School, The Way to a Better Future.</p><br>
<p>The Lunar Landing Research Facility was an area at NASA&#39;s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia that was used to simulate Apollo Moon landings with a mock Lunar Module powered by a small rocket motor suspended from a crane over a simulated lunar landscape.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1965 at a cost of $3.5 million, the facility was used by 24 astronauts, including Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to practice solving piloting problems they would encounter in the last 150 ft of descent to the surface of the Moon.</p><br>
<p>The structure was used to facilitate "flying" a full-scale Lunar Excursion Module Simulator (LEMS). The LEMS was suspended from a 200 ft-tall, 400 ft-long A-frame gantry by an overhead bridge crane. The LEMS is now on display at the Virginia Air and Space Center.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Apollo uses</h2><br>
<p>Re-designated the Impact Dynamics Research Facility (IDRF) in 1974, the site was used for research on aircraft crashes until 2003. With limited funding for maintenance, NASA then closed the facility and it was listed for demolition.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, NASA determined that the IDRF could be adapted to support the Constellation program. It was re-opened in 2005 to conduct landing tests associated with the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Orion. The facility was renamed the Landing and Impact Research Facility (LandIR) and minor modifications were made, including a new parallel winch system to support full-scale Orion testing and a new hydro-impact basin (splashdown pool) below the gantry. Construction of the basin was completed in 2011. After Constellation was cancelled, the LandIR continued performing impact testing since the CEV will be used to service the International Space Station.</p><br>
<p>The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its role in the space program.</p><br>
<p>The Hole in the Rock Trail  is a historic trail running east-southeast from the town of Escalante in southern Utah in the western United States. The Mormon colonizers who established this trail crossed the Colorado River and ended their journey in the town of Bluff. The Hole-in-the-Rock expedition established the trail in 1879. The trail is located within the borders of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, the adjacent Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and federal Bureau of Land Management  public land to the east of the Colorado River. A geologic feature called the Hole in the Rock gave the trail its name. A modern unpaved road called the Hole-in-the-Rock Road  closely follows this historic trail to the point where it enters the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. The modern road is an important access route for visiting the Canyons of the Escalante and the Devils Garden. The trail is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, being added to that list in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Route description</h2><br>
<p>The trail follows a 180 mi route starting near Escalante, Utah, and ending in Bluff, Utah, and is named for the place where the San Juan Mission of Mormon pioneers constructed a descent to the Colorado River. The natural crevice on the 1,000 ft cliff above the Colorado was enlarged by the party to lower the wagons down to river level, where it could be forded. The portion of the trail below the Hole-In-The-Rock is now flooded by Lake Powell. After the river crossing the trail continued past the Register Rocks, where the settlers recorded their names, now covered by the lake. The road rises through the Chute and across slickrock sandstone to Grey Mesa. Another difficult descent was required from Grey Mesa, requiring the party to cut a road from one ledge to another on the face of the mesa, taking a week. Another week was spent in constructing a road down Clay Hill Pass. Further on, blocked by Comb Ridge, the trail follows Comb Wash to San Juan Hill, where yet another road was built up the hill. The trail ends in Bluff.</p><br>
<p>Oakland Memorial Chapel is a historic church and academic building on the campus of Alcorn State University in rural southwestern Claiborne County, Mississippi. Built in 1838 as part of Oakland College, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings at Alcorn State, which took over that defunct school&#39;s campus after the American Civil War. Alcorn State was the first land grant university established specifically for the education of African Americans. The chapel was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, and a Mississippi Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Oakland Memorial Chapel occupies a prominent position on the campus of Alcorn State University, on the southwest side of ASU Drive, one of the rural campus&#39; circulation roads. It is a three-story brick building with a gabled roof. Its ground floor functions as a raised basement, with a colonnade of brick piers supporting a six-column Greek temple portico. The columns are of the Tuscan order, and support an entablature and full gabled pediment. A two-stage square wood-frame tower rises above the roof ridge, with an elaborate second stage featuring fluted Doric columns, and an entablature with trighlyphs, metopes, and mutules. It is crowned by a low balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Oakland College was founded in 1828 by Reverend Jeremiah Chamberlain as part of a Presbyterian mission to educate the white children of the region. In 1851 Chamberlain, an abolitionist, was assassinated by a supporter of slavery, and the school was closed during the American Civil War. It failed to recover after the war, and closed again soon after reopening. Its assets were sold to the state in 1871. That same year the state established Alcorn State, as the first land grant university specifically for the education of African Americans. It is also believed to be the first state-supported school in the nation to graduate a black woman.</p><br>
<p>At the time the state acquired the campus, three buildings were standing from the Oakland College period. Of these, the chapel is the best preserved and architecturally the most sophisticated.</p><br>
<p>Hole in the Rock is a narrow and steep crevice in the western rim of Glen Canyon, in southern Utah in the western United States. Together with another canyon on the eastern side of the Colorado River, it provided a route through what would otherwise be a large area of impassable terrain.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1879, the San Juan Expedition of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was seeking a route from south-central Utah to their proposed colony in the far southeastern corner of the state. Rejecting two longer routes, they chose a more direct path that initially took them along the relatively benign terrain beneath the Straight Cliffs of the Kaiparowits Plateau. However, when this led them to the 1200-foot (400 m) sandstone cliffs that surround Glen Canyon, they needed a way to cross to the eastern rim. They found (and named) Hole in the Rock, a narrow, steep, and rocky crevice and sandy slope that led down to the river. Directly across the river was Cottonwood Canyon, a tempting route up to Wilson Mesa on the other side.</p><br>
<p>They worked for months to prepare the road, using blasting powder to widen the upper section and hand chisels to carve anchor points directly into the sandstone. On January 26, 1880, the expedition (250 people, 83 full-sized wagons, and over 1000 head of livestock) began their descent to the river. Wagons were heavily roped, and teams of men and oxen were used to lower the wagons through the upper crevice, which has slopes approaching 45°. Further down, a wooden track had been constructed along a slickrock sandstone slope. Posts in drilled holes supported horizontal beams to allow passage of the wagons.</p><br>
<p>After an even more difficult journey on the east side of the river, the expedition founded the community of Bluff in southeastern Utah. They used the Hole in the Rock route as a supply road for only a year before replacing it with an easier route to the north, at Halls Crossing. Decades later, miners of the Hoskaninni Mining Company carved steps onto the same path used by the Mormon pioneers. The blasting holes, anchor points, and gouges from the hubs of the expeditions wagons are still visible in the walls of the crevice.</p><br>
<p>Hole in the Rock can be reached today via two routes. The primitive Hole in the Rock Trail, which closely follows the path of the 1879 expedition, runs southeast from near the town of Escalante to a parking area just above the crevice. Alternatively, the bottom of the route can be accessed by boat, at buoy 66 on Lake Powell in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>The Hole in the Rock was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Baptist Church is a Baptist church in the Collegeville neighborhood of Birmingham, Alabama. The church served as headquarters from 1956 to 1961 for the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights , which was led by Fred Shuttlesworth and active in the Birmingham during the Civil Rights Movement. The ACMHR focused on legal and nonviolent direct action against segregated accommodations, transportation, schools and employment discrimination. It played a crucial role in the 1961 Freedom Rides that resulted in federal enforcement of USA Supreme Court and Interstate Commerce Commission rulings to desegregate public transportation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s historic building is located near a newer, modern church. The historic church is located at the southwest corner of 29th Avenue North and 33rd Street North, and its parsonage and guard house located across 29th Avenue North. The church was built in 1926, and is an architecturally eclectic mix of Gothic and Renaissance styles. The guard house and parsonage are vernacular ranch-style houses; the parsonage was built in 1957 as a replacement for the previous parsonage, which had stood next to the church and was destroyed by a bomb in 1956.</p><br>
<p>Fred Shuttlesworth served as pastor from 1953 to 1961. The church buildings were bombed on three separate occasions, first on December 25, 1956, again on June 29, 1958, and lastly on December 14, 1962.</p><br>
<p>The churchs complex during the historic events of the 1950s and 1960s, located nearby on 29th Avenue North, was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on November 13, 1996. On January 30, 2008, the US Government submitted it to UNESCO as part of an envisaged future World Heritage nomination (along with the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church and the 16th Street Baptist Church) and as such it is on the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites&#39;.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the church opened a new building near the historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the church was included in the newly created Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument.</p><br>
<p>Packer&#39;s National Bank Building is located at 4939 South 24th Street in the South Omaha Main Street Historic District in south Omaha, Nebraska. It was built in 1907. In 1984, it was designated an Omaha Landmark and, in 1985, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Thomas Kimball in the Second Renaissance Revival Style, the Packers National Bank Building was the home of Packer’s National Bank. The bank was originally established in 1891, and its growth was closely tied to the Omaha Stockyards. Many of the bank’s early officers were executives in Omahas meat packing industry. The bank left the building in 1979 and, in 1984, the building was renovated for use as offices and apartments.</p><br>
<p>Camp Uncas is an Adirondack Great Camp, the second built by William West Durant for his own use. It lies on the shore of 110 acre Lake Mohegan, near Great Camp Sagamore, and was completed in two years.</p><br>
<p>Previously Durant had built Camp Pine Knot, which he sold to industrialist Collis P. Huntington, due to financial difficulties</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The camp was built of logs felled on the property, and all iron hardware was forged on site. In the main lodge and dining hall, the log construction was unusual in that the logs were not interlocked, as in conventional log buildings, but rather were pinned together at beveled corners. The scale is massive: the dining hall is 24 by, the walls 12 ft high at the eaves with a cathedral ceiling 20 ft high at the ridge, with a huge fireplace on one side. Floors, walls and ceilings were all of polished planks and peeled and polished natural logs.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, Durant sold Uncas to J. Pierpont Morgan with 1,100 acre. After Morgan&#39;s death in 1913, the camp stayed in the Morgan family until 1947, when it was sold to the widow of Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, who also owned Sagamore. General and Mrs. George Marshall, as guests of Mrs. Vanderbilt, entertained Madame Chiang Kai-shek at Uncas in 1949. Mrs. Vanderbilt left Uncas to a foundation, which sold it; eventually it was bought by the Rockland County Boy Scouts who used it as a camp. In 1975, it was returned to private use.</p><br>
<p>The camp was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and was listed there in 1987. The camp was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Beebe and Runyan Furniture Showroom and Warehouse is located at 105 South 9th Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1998, and is a contributing property to the Warehouses in Omaha Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1913, the building is eight stories, and is made of brick and hollow tile. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival style for the Beebe and Runyan Furniture Company. The Leo A. Daly Sr. architecture firm designed a $10 million conversion of the Beebe and Runyan Furniture Showroom and Warehouse into a condominium, which was completed by the Boca Development Company in 2007. The building includes thermal insulated windows, reclaimed maple wood floor, exposed beamed ceilings and brick walls, and energy efficiency heat pumps backed by electric furnaces, along with other environmental and energy-efficient features.</p><br>
<p>Locust Lawn is a surviving 19th-century farm complex situated on the bank of the Plattekill Creek on New York State Route 32, outside of New Paltz, Ulster County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The centerpiece of Locust Lawn is the Jeffersonian mansion of Colonel Josiah Hasbrouck which remains without modern heating, plumbing and electrical systems. The site also features the earlier Evert Terwilliger House.</p><br>
<p>Locust Lawn has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974. The site was donated to Historic Huguenot Street by Hasbrouck descendant Annette Young in 1958. In 2010 the house and collections were transferred to the Locust Grove Estate, another museum property founded by Annette Young. The site is open to the public by appointment.</p><br>
<h2>Josiah Hasbrouck House</h2><br>
<p>In 1805, Josiah Hasbrouck returned from his first stint in USACongress during the administration of Thomas Jefferson eager to create for his family a home worthy of their position in the small but growing community, which was founded by Huguenots in 1678. Hasbrouck was a descendant of Huguenot Jean Hasbrouck, one of the founders, or patentees, of New Paltz. In addition to his service in Congress, Hasbrouck served with the Ulster County Militia during the American Revolutionary War, in the New York State Assembly and as New Paltz town supervisor</p><br>
<p>Along with his wife Sara Decker, Hasbrouck purchased the Terwilliger family homestead a few miles south of the village of New Paltz. At the time, the site was a small farm and mill and featured a modest stone house built 67 years earlier. Over the next several years, Hasbrouck acquired additional acreage, ultimately increasing the size of the farm to 1,200 acre. He also set about building a dramatic Federal style mansion, which was completed in 1814.</p><br>
<p>The 3-story house features a center arched doorway and a symmetrical arrangement of windows. In the back of the house, there is a -story kitchen wing. Inside, the arrangement of rooms on the first and second floors is, for the most part, symmetrical as well, with rooms opening up from a wide center hallway. Faux marble plaster walls in the first-floor hallway date to 1814.</p><br>
<p>The home was lived in by Josiah and Sarahs descendants until 1885, when the family locked all of their belongings in one half of the house and rented the remainder to tenants who farmed the surrounding land. So things remained for almost 75 years, when the house was donated to Historic Huguenot Street. Today, the house features many of the Hasbroucks family possessions set up as they were when the house was occupied by Josiah, Sarah and their descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Evert Terwilliger House</h2><br>
<p>The homestead Josiah Hasbrouck bought in 1805 was originally settled by Evert Terwilliger, a Dutch man, in 1738 after he married Sara Freer. Sara was the daughter of Hugo Freer, one of the French-speaking Huguenot founders, or patentees, of New Paltz. Evert and Sara&#39;s son Jonathan expanded the home in 1764. The house is a good example of the Dutch-style stone houses built in this region during the eighteenth century. One and a half stories in height, the house originally had a gable-end entry (similar to that which still exists in the Bevier-Elting House at Historic Huguenot Street). A porch running the length of the house, another feature of front-gable Dutch houses in America and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries, overlooks the Plattekill Creek. This creek and the falls just beyond the house were used by the Terwilliger family to operate a grist mill and saw mill at the site. The house was acquired by Historic Huguenot Street in 1973 with the financial assistance of the then newly formed Terwilliger Family Association. The Terwilliger Family Association continues to support the maintenance and preservation of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Island Pavilion, also known as the Clarence W. Wigington Pavilion, is a park pavilion on Harriet Island just across the Mississippi River from downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by Clarence W. Wigington, the nation&#39;s first black municipal architect, and renamed for Wigington after a 2000 restoration. Harriet island was named for Harriet Bishop, a Baptist school teacher from Vermont. She arrived in Saint Paul in 1847, was involved in the temperance movement, and opened the first school in the frontier city, teaching children of diverse ethnic, racial, and religious backgrounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The park at Harriet Island was built by Dr. Justus Ohage, Saint Paul&#39;s health officer, who donated the land to the city in 1900. His idea for the park was to build a place for healthy living in the center of the city. The park originally had a public bathhouse and beach, along with amenities like playgrounds, picnic grounds, handball and tennis courts, and a bandstand. The park was initially very popular, but pollution from the Mississippi River forced the bathhouse to close in 1919. The city made several attempts to revitalize the park, but none of the attempts was particularly successful until the Works Progress Administration built the pavilion in 1941-1942.</p><br>
<p>The architecture combines Moderne design with classical influences. The Kasota limestone used in the construction was salvaged from the former Saint Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse, which was built in 1889 and demolished in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Graceland is a historic house on the campus of Davis & Elkins College in Elkins, West Virginia. It was the summer home of Henry Gassaway Davis, a United States senator from 1871&ndash;1883, and a major force in West Virginia&#39;s coal industry in the late 19th century. The mansion was completed in 1893. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is part of the National Historic Landmark Davis and Elkins Historic District. It is now the centerpiece of an inn and conference center.</p><br>
<p>The Nannie Helen Burroughs School, formerly known as National Training School for Women and Girls, was a private coeducational elementary school at 601 50th Street NE in Washington, D.C. The school was founded in 1909 by Nannie Helen Burroughs as The National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls, Inc. and was the first school in the nation to provide vocational training for African-American females, who did not otherwise have many educational opportunities available to them. The 1928 Trades Hall building, the oldest building on the campus, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991. The property now houses the headquarters of the Progressive National Baptist Convention as well as the Monroe School, a private junior-senior high school that continues Burroughs&#39; legacy.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>The former Nannie Helen Burroughs School property consists of 6 acre at the southeast corner of 50th Street NE and Nannie Helen Burroughs Avenue NE. There are four buildings on the hilly campus, of which the 1928 Trades Hall is the furthest east.</p><br>
<p>The largest building in the group is a school building built in 1971 that now houses the. The Trades Hall now houses the offices of the Progressive Baptist National Conference. It is a two-story brick building, set into the hillside so that it presents two stories in front and one in the rear. It is finished in light brick trimmed with dark brick. A string course of soldier bricks separates the floors. The building was constructed in 1927-28, and Mary McLeod Bethune was the featured speaker at its dedication.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1908 Nannie Helen Burroughs established the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls, one of the nation&#39;s first vocational training school for African-American girls and women. The school formally opened on October 19, 1909. Its motto was "We specialize in the wholly impossible." The school offered training in domestic arts and various vocations, and also gave religious instruction. It was the first school to offer all of these services in a single facility. It was also distinguished in having a stronger academic component than other period schools for African Americans, which generally focused on vocational training. It was supported by the National Baptist Convention and funded and managed entirely by African-Americans. The school attracted students from nearly every state, Puerto Rico, Haiti, and as far away as South America and Africa.</p><br>
<p>The school expanded its offerings in the 1920s, providing a wider array of vocational skills training. It closed briefly in 1953, but resumed operation. Nannie Helen Burroughs ran the school until her death in 1961, and in 1964 it was renamed in her honor. Today, her legacy is continued by The Monroe School, Inc., which operates in a 1971 school building on the campus. The Trade School building, which was the school&#39;s main building for many years, now houses the offices of the Progressive National Baptist Convention.</p><br>
<h2>Alumni</h2><br>
<p>Notable alumni include:</p><br>
<p>Agnes Nebo von Ballmoos – Liberian professor of music, scholar of Liberian folk music, conductor, composer, and lawyer</p><br>
<p>Ethel Moses – actress and dancer</p><br>
<p>Sue Bailey Thurman – author, lecturer, historian and civil rights activist</p><br>
<p>Samira Wiley - actress</p><br>
<p>Cahill School is a one-room schoolhouse now located in Tupa Park near Minnesota State Highway 100 and Eden Avenue in Edina, Minnesota, United States. It is the oldest remaining building in Edina, and served as a schoolhouse, church, community center, and theater over its 94-years in use. The school continued to be used with its woodstove and outhouse until it closed in 1958. It was moved to its present location from the southeast corner of Cahill Road and West 70th Street in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The school is open for school field trips and special events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cahill was an Irish community located in the western half of what was then Richfield Township. Hugh Darcy sold a two-acre property on the southeast corner of Cahill Road and West 70th Street to the school district on June 27, 1864, for five dollars. Named for Catholic missionary priest Thomas Cahill,</p><br>
<p>Cahill School operated continuously from its founding until 1958 when the building was closed. The school moved to a brick building that was later demolished. The wood-frame building was restored in 1969 and relocated to Frank Tupa Park, adjacent to Minnehaha Grange Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Campbell Mansion, also known as Campbell Mansion or Alexander Campbell House, is a historic house on West Virginia Route 67 just east of Bethany, West Virginia. Built in 1793 and repeatedly enlarged, it was the home of minister Alexander Campbell  following his marriage in 1811. Known as the "sage of Bethany", Campbell was one of the most prominent early leaders of the Restoration Movement in United States Christianity, beginning in 1812, which resulted in formation of numerous congregations of the Disciples of Christ and Churches of Christ. The house, now a museum maintained by Bethany College , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Campbell Mansion is located a short way east of Bethany, on property that is partially crossed by West Virginia 67. The main house and outbuildings are set just on the north side of the road, while the small Campbell cemetery and a small orchard historically associated with the Campbells are on the south side. The main house is a rambling -story frame structure, its central portion encrusted by additions on both sides. That portion was built in 1793 by John Brown, the future father-in-law of Alexander Campbell. It is an unusually high-quality example of Federal architecture for what was then a very rural setting. It originally had a porch on the west side, which was enclosed by Alexander Campbell in 1819, adding a second story to provide dormitory space for his seminary. The right-side addition was made in 1836–40, in order to accommodate Campbell&#39;s regular parade of visitors. Standing near the house is a small hexagonal stone building, which Campbell used as a library and office.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Campbell was a native of Ireland who came to the United States in 1809, where he joined his father Thomas as a religious minister in western Pennsylvania. He married Margaret Brown in the parlor of this house in 1811. The Campbells were both influential religious leaders, responsible in part for the formation of the Restoration Movement of the 1820s. Campbell founded Bethany College in 1840, and served as its president until his death; its graduates seeded many new schools and churches across the country.</p><br>
<p>The property remained in the Campbell family until 1913. Its next owner donated the property, with furnishings intact, to a memorial association in 1920. It worked in association with Bethany College to maintain the property, and the college is now responsible for its care. The college offers guided tours of the house; admission is charged.</p><br>
<p>Minnehaha Grange, No. 398 was organized on December 23, 1873, with members from Edina Mills, Richfield Mills, St. Louis Park, and Hopkins. The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, commonly known as the Grange, is an organization dedicated to the principles of "progressive agriculture" for the "social fraternity of the farmers". The organization was founded in 1867 by Oliver Hudson Kelley in Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota and quickly spread across the country. The fraternity tackled issues such as railroad prices, and providing education to farmers.</p><br>
<p>The Grange Hall was moved to Tupa Park near Minnesota State Highway 100 and Eden Avenue in Edina, Minnesota from its original location at the southeast corner of Wooddale Avenue and West 50th Street.</p><br>
<p>The building also served as Edina Village Hall from 1888 to 1942.</p><br>
<p>A Grange presence returned to the historic hall with the creation of the in 2012 by a group of young historians and activists who refused to see the Grange disappear from the rich tapestry of Minnesota culture. OHK meets weekly at the historic Minnehaha Grange Hall in Edina and is the home of four Past State Masters and dozens of historic and current State Grange of Minnesota (SGMN) leaders. OHK Grange still opens in traditional, 150 year-old Grange tradition every business meeting, and is a proud and loud voice for progressive activism in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The Minnehaha Hall is owned by the Edina Historical Society along with the adjacent Cahill School, which are open for tour by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Senator Stephen Benton Elkins House, also known as Halliehurst, is an historic mansion located at Elkins, Randolph County, West Virginia. It was designed by architect Charles T. Mott and built in 1890, as a summer home for USA Senator Stephen Benton Elkins. It consists of a three-story main block with hipped roof and service wing. The roof is punctuated by towers, turrets, dormers, and chimneys. A porch surrounds much of the first floor. It features a two-story portico with columns around a central, flat roofed tower. Located on a mountainside, it commands a view of the valley beneath and the forest and mountain peaks that surround the valley. In 1923, the house and approximately 60 acres of land were deeded to Davis & Elkins College by Sen. Elkins&#39; widow.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 the mansion and the gatehouse were restored. Frantz Pugh of Elkins was recognized in 1990 when the college named him their Volunteer of the Year and designated him their heritage buildings restorationist and conserver of the fabric as a result of the restoration effort in reclaiming the Halliehurst mansion and its gatehouse on campus.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is a contributing property in the Davis and Elkins Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Wade House is a historic house at 256 Prairie Street in Morgantown, West Virginia. Built in 1860, it was the home of educator Alexander Wade  from 1872 until his death. Wade is credited with developing a system of grade promotional exams and graduations that was widely adopted in the late 19th century. The house was declared a USA National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Alexander Wade House is located south of downtown Morgantown in the city&#39;s Chancery Hill area, just east of the junction of Prairie Avenue and Wagner Road. It is a -story brick building, with a dormered mansard roof. Its main facade is three bays wide, with a single-story porch extending across the front, supported by paneled square columns. Windows are set in rectangular openings, with stone sills and lintels.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1860 for Judge Edward Bunker. At that time, it had a more Greek Revival appearance, with a gabled roof; the mansard roof was added in 1911, when the building was divided into apartments. The house was purchased in 1872 by Alexander Wade, an educator native to Maryland. As the superintendent of Monongalia County schools, Wade experimented with a system of grading and promotional examinations that successfully normalized the progress of children through rural schools. Wade documented his ideas and presented them to the National Education Association in 1879, where they met with approval and were eventually widely adopted by school systems nationwide. Wade was also an early advocate favoring adoption of the metric system in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Saddle Creek Underpass is located in the Midtown area of Omaha, Nebraska. Designed to carry Saddle Creek Road under Dodge Street , the underpass was constructed in 1934 by the Works Progress Administration. It was included on the Bridges in Nebraska Multiple Property Submission on June 29, 1992.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Nebraska Department of Roads Biennial Report of 1933-34 describes the construction of the underpass as featuring "a complete, modern street light system, and interlocking traffic control signal system, two pedestrian subways, and a grade separation of Dodge Street and Saddle Creek Boulevard."</p><br>
<p>Built by the Works Progress Administration, over 1,175 cubic yards of dirt were excavated to lower Saddle Creek Road sufficiently to pass under the overpass. The project was completed in 1934, and was designed to accommodate the westernmost addition to Omaha&#39;s boulevard system, which was originally called Saddle Creek Boulevard. Saddle Creek Road still utilizes the underpass today as it sits between the Morton Meadows and Dundee neighborhoods. As of 2004 the Underpass was the only property listed on the National Register in either neighborhood, although each one has submitted applications to be listed as a historic district.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Webster Family Home, also known as The Elms, is a historic house off South Main Street in West Franklin, New Hampshire. The house has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its importance as the summer home of Daniel Webster , who owned it from 1829 until his death.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Daniel Webster&#39;s father, Ebenezer, bought the property in 1800, while Daniel was a student at Dartmouth College. The property passed in 1806 to Daniel and his older brother Ezekiel, and Ezekiel alone in 1813. Ezekiel died in 1829, at which time Daniel inherited it. The Elms served as an "experimental farm" and "vacation retreat" for Webster while he lived in Marshfield, Massachusetts, and the land was a gravesite for his parents, as well as several brothers and sisters.</p><br>
<p>The property was sold by Webster&#39;s son Fletcher in 1855 to Rufus Tay, a merchant, who added the three-story portion of the building in 1858. In 1871, the property was purchased to serve as an orphanage, and was used for that purpose until 1958. The property is now part of the Webster Place Recovery Center, a substance abuse program of Easter Seals New Hampshire, which treats those recovering from alcohol and drug addiction.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main block of the house is a -story wood-frame structure, sheathed in clapboards, and topped with a gable roof. It is five bays wide, with a center entry that is flanked by pilasters, and topped by a five-pane transom window and cornice. The interior of the house consists of two rooms on each floor, divided by a central chimney, whose top has been removed (and thus does not project above the roof anymore). The downstairs left room was divided to provide a kitchen space. The older part of the house is dominated visually by a large addition on the east side of the building, which was probably added when the property was adapted for use as an orphanage.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church is a historic church building in the Marcy-Holmes neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, built in 1886. It is constructed of red sandstone in Gothic-Romanesque style, featuring round-arched windows and semi-circular rows of pews. When initially completed, the building was in a residential neighborhood surrounded by mansions of prominent citizens and merchants of the time, including Octavius Broughton, Woodbury Fisk, Thomas Andrews, Horatio P. Van Cleve, William McNair, and John Dudley. Over time the neighborhood changed to a more transient population, dominated by students attending the University of Minnesota. Architect Warren H. Hayes  was Minneapolis&#39; leading designer of churches in the 19th century, having designed the Calvary Baptist Church, Fowler Methodist Episcopal Church, and Wesley Methodist Episcopal Church, as well as the Central Presbyterian Church in Saint Paul.</p><br>
<p>Hubert Humphrey, 38th Vice President of the United States, was a member of this congregation.</p><br>
<p>The Reber Radio Telescope is a historic radio telescope, located at the Green Bank Observatory near Green Bank, West Virginia, United States. Built in 1937 in Illinois by the astronomer Grote Reber, it was the first purpose-built parabolic radio telescope. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Reber Radio Telescope is located on the grounds of the Green Bank Observatory (formerly part of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory) in rural Pocahontas County, West Virginia. It consists of a parabolic reflector composed of 72 radial rafters and covered in 26 gauge iron sheeting with a focal length of 20 ft. It is 31 ft in diameter and is mounted on arched rails positioned on railroad wheels, allowing its angle of elevation to be controlled.</p><br>
<p>The telescope was built by Reber in his back yard in Wheaton, Illinois, in 1937, following up on the research of Karl Jansky, the discoverer in 1933 of radio waves emanating from the Milky Way. It was the second radio telescope ever built (after Janskys dipole array), and the first parabolic radio telescope, serving as a prototype for the first large dish radio telescopes such as the Green Bank Telescope and Lovell Telescope constructed after World War II. Reber was the worlds only radio astronomer at the time and his construction of the telescope, and the sky surveys he did with it, helped to found the field of radio astronomy, revealing radio sources such as Cassiopeia A and Cygnus X-1 for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Reber sold the telescope to the US National Bureau of Standards and it was moved to Sterling, Virginia. It later became the property of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) and was moved to Boulder, Colorado, before being moved to the Green Bank facility.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Wesley United Methodist Church  building was constructed of granite, stone, brick, and sandstone in Richardsonian Romanesque style, featuring round-arched windows and multiple towers. When built, the building was in the residential neighborhood of Loring Park at 101 Grant Street East; it was built during Minneapolis building boom in the last decade of the 19th century. Architect Warren H. Hayes  was Minneapolis leading designer of churches in the 19th century, having designed the Calvary Baptist Church, Fowler Methodist Episcopal Church, and the First Congregational Church, as well as the Central Presbyterian Church in Saint Paul. Today the location is overwhelmed by the neighboring Minneapolis Convention Center.</p><br>
<p>The church was renamed Wesley United Methodist Church when the Methodist Episcopal Church and Evangelical United Brethren Church merged in 1968. The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota listed it on its 2010 10 Most Endangered Historic Places list.</p><br>
<p>The church is currently occupied by Substance Church.</p><br>
<p>The Riley Lucas Bartholomew House is a historic house museum in Richfield, Minnesota, United States, originally the home of prominent early Minnesotan Riley Bartholomew . The Richfield Historical Society operates the house as the Bartholomew House Museum adjacent to their Richfield History Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1852, when Fort Snelling was greatly reduced in size, the area that would become the city of Richfield became available for settlement. Bartholomew came to the area and filed a claim on the shores of Wood Lake. He proceeded to build the two-story section of the home with local lumber, using white pine for the floors. His wife, Fanny, and two children joined him in the spring of 1853. Soon after the construction of the house, two additions were added by moving two single story dwellings from near Minnehaha Falls and adding them on to the house. Bartholomew went on to become influential in local politics as a member of the Republican Constitutional Convention which framed the Minnesota Constitution in 1857. He also represented District Four in the Minnesota Senate.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for local significance in military and politics/government for its association with Riley Bartholomew.</p><br>
<p>The Davis and Elkins Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District on the campus of Davis & Elkins College in Elkins, West Virginia. It includes two mansions, the Senator Stephen Benton Elkins House  and Graceland, that are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A gate house and an ice house are also included in the district. These four structures are associated with the families of Henry Gassaway Davis  and Stephen Benton Elkins , who were dominating figures in the politics and economy of West Virginia in the late 19th century. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Davis and Elkins Historic District is composed of four discontiguous sections of the Davis & Elkins College campus on the north side of Elkins. Each area contains a single structure, associated historically the life of either Henry Davis or Stephen Benton Elkins. Davis was a self-made businessman who made his fortune mainly in the railroad business, and then embarked on a series of highly successful coal ventures with Elkins, his son-in-law. Both Elkins and Davis served as United States Senators, and were significant figures in both state and national politics in the post-Civil War years of the 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Graceland</h3><br>
<p>Graceland, completed in 1893 for Davis, is a large and sophisticated expression of Queen Anne Victorian architecture, designed by Baldwin and Pennington of Baltimore, Maryland. It is a mainly stone structure, with architectural variety typical of the Queen Anne, and a more Colonial Revival porch across the front. It was the centerpiece of a 360 acre estate, and is prominently sited on one of the highest points of the Davis & Elkins campus. It now serves as an inn and conference center for the college.</p><br>
<h3>Halliehurst</h3><br>
<p>Halliehurst, completed in 1890 for Elkins, was designed by Charles T. Mott of New York City. It is also a large and elaborate Queen Anne Victorian, its exterior finished mainly in wooden clapboards and stone. Its interior is particularly elaborate, with a large main hall and dining room. Halliehurst was given by Hallie Elkins (the widow of Stephen Elkins) to the college, which has used it in a variety of ways since.</p><br>
<h3>Icehouse</h3><br>
<p>The icehouse is a cylindrical stone structure, built for the Elkinses to house ice used for refrigeration. It has typically been used by the college as a coffeehouse and gathering place for students.</p><br>
<h3>Gatehouse</h3><br>
<p>The gatehouse is located at the northeast corner of Campus Drive and Sycamore Street. Built for the Elkinses at the same time as Halliehurst, it is stylistically similar to the main house, although on a smaller scale. It was the longtime home of the estate&#39;s groundskeepers, a role that continued into the college years.</p><br>
<p>The Elkins Coal and Coke Company Historic District is a historic industrial site near the crossroads village of Bretz in Preston County, West Virginia. It is the site of the last major coke manufacturing facility to use beehive ovens, and was a major industrial site in northern West Virginia in the first half of the 20th century. Surviving elements include a row of 140 beehive ovens. The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Elkins Coal and Coke Company site is located about 0.5 mi southwest of Masontown, West Virginia and 0.25 mi west of West Virginia Route 7, on a terrace overlooking Deckers Creek. Built into the side of the hills rising above the creek are a series of 140 stone and brick coke ovens, formed in an undulating shape conforming to the terrain. Each oven is roughly 12 ft in diameter and 7 ft high, with an exterior shell of hand-cut stone. The openings for accessing the oven are lined with fire brick, as is the interior chamber in which the coke is made. At the top of each oven&#39;s dome is an opening into which coal is fed, and there is an arched opening on the side, from which the finished coke is removed. The shape of the oven focuses the heat of the fire to more efficiently transform the coal.</p><br>
<p>When in operation, the ovens were fed from a track-mounted electrically powered hopper that ran on tracks above the ovens, and the finished coke was loaded onto railroad cars on a spur track that ran in front of them. The tracks facilitating these operations have been removed. The complex also originally had office, storage, and maintenance buildings, all of which have been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The complex went into production in 1907, after the railroad had been developed to Masontown. It was established by Stephen B. Elkins, who was, along with his father-in-law Henry G. Davis, one of the barons of West Virginia&#39;s coal industry in the late 19th century. The ovens here are among more than 400 that Elkins and Davis built throughout coal country. Elkins operated this facility until 1918, when it was acquired by the Bethlehem Steel Company. Bethlehem only operated the facility until 1920, moving production to more efficient facilities in Baltimore. The facilities were thereafter used only intermittently, and were permanently shuttered in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>ELKINS COAL AND COKE COMPANY HISTORIC DISTRICT.jpgThe ovens in 2012</p><br>
<p>The Matewan Historic District encompasses the town center of the rural coal mining community of Matewan, West Virginia. Matewan was the scene of the Battle of Matewan on May 19, 1920, during a coal miners&#39; strike, an event which led to the Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest insurrection ever associated with the labor movement in the United States, and was depicted in the film Matewan. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Matewan is located on the banks of the Tug Fork, a tributary of the Big Sandy River in mountainous western West Virginia. The hills rise steeply above the river, and the town center is located in a segment of flood plain on the north bank. It is bounded on the west by a 20th-century concrete bridge, and on the east by Mate Creek. There are two main roads, Mate Street (West Virginia Highway 49) and Main Street, with McCoy Alley paralleling Main Street between it and the river. Main Street and Mate Street are separated by a row of commercial buildings and by the right-of-way of the Norfolk Southern Railway. This basic layout is unchanged since the historic events of the 1920s, although the bridge is a replacement and the railroad bed has been raised. The row of commercial buildings are mainly vernacular early 20th-century buildings, most of which were standing at the time. A few historically significant buildings have been lost, including that housing the Urias Hotel, headquarters of the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency operatives.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Matewan was essentially a company town, in which the owners of the coal mines controlled many aspects of the lives of the miners they employed. In a response to efforts by the United Mine Workers of America to unionize the miners in the region, the owners hired detectives of the Baldwin-Felts Agency to evict the families of striking workers from their company-owned housing. In Matewan, this effort was resisted by the chief of police, Sid Hatfield, who objected to the presence of armed detectives in the town. In a standoff on May 19, 1920, shots were fired, and the ensuing shootout resulted in the deaths of 10 men: seven detectives, two miners, and Matewans mayor. The event served to greatly heighten tensions, and prompted many miners to join the union. The miners actions culminated in the September 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain, which was ended by the intervention of federal troops. It was the most violent act of labor violence in United States history.</p><br>
